Gambling involves placing something of value on an activity that is primarily a game of chance in the hope of realizing a profit. It is a widespread, worldwide activity that has existed in nearly every society since prerecorded history. It is commonplace in many cultures and has been incorporated into local customs and rites of passage throughout the centuries. It can be conducted with almost anything of value, including money, goods, services and even collectible game pieces such as marbles, Pogs or Magic: The Gathering cards.
A major problem in gambling is that the odds are always stacked against the player. Despite this, some individuals feel rewarded frequently enough to keep gambling, causing a negative spiral that results in increased stress and harm to themselves and others. In some cases, this spiral can lead to the development of a disorder called pathological gambling.
People who develop a pathological gambling disorder may experience a wide range of emotions and behaviors, including compulsive gambling, denial of the problem, shame, guilt, anxiety, irritability, depression and even self-destructive thoughts. In addition, they often have difficulty interacting socially, working or studying and may be physically or emotionally abusive to family members, friends and colleagues.
Research on the cause and treatment of gambling disorders is a new field, with much to learn about the disorder and its prevalence. The current conceptualization, definition and diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling are still evolving, resulting in a wide range of test instruments used to assess gambling problems (see Psychiatric Epidemiology). In addition, some scientists have attempted to establish validity for the disorder by using standardized clinical interview and self-report scales such as the DASS or the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity (DIGS) (Kallick et al, 1975).
Several factors contribute to the increased availability of gambling opportunities and the incidence of gambling harm. These include the commercialization of gambling products through sponsorship or colocation with popular sports leagues, and aggressive promotion in social media and other media. The easy accessibility of gambling products increases the risk of uptake, especially in communities that are at higher disadvantage.
Researchers are also learning more about the biological basis for gambling disorders. Recent studies suggest that certain genetic traits and brain circuits are associated with the likelihood of developing a gambling problem. These genetic differences appear to affect how an individual processes rewards, controls impulses and weighs risks.
In addition, some scientists believe that the use of medications, particularly antidepressants and some sedatives, can increase the risk of developing a gambling disorder. This is because these medications alter the chemical balance in the brain, reducing the amount of pleasure it feels. This is a very complex issue that requires continued study, and as the French biologist Jean Rostand once said: “Nothing leads a scientist so astray as a premature truth.” (See Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology, 3rd edition). Until further evidence is available, we recommend that individuals who are concerned about their gambling take steps to reduce their exposure and seek professional help.